Research Profile

Field research, i.e., knowledge practices in the so-called "field," are much discussed in historical knowledge research in connection with the assumption that the processes of knowledge genesis take place differently here than in the laboratory or at the scholar's desk. While for a long time the debate was determined by the assumption of an autonomy or even epistemic wildness and authenticity of the field, recently the interplay linking the knowledge generated in the field with the knowledge of the so-called parlor scholars has become of interest. Accordingly, questions of credibility, authority, but also the associated negotiation procedures as well as claims to power and validity move to the center. All this requires a methodically reflected cultural and social history of knowledge that is to be conceived in an open disciplinary manner and explicitly includes the competences of the area histories.

The Gotha holdings of recent times offer outstanding prerequisites for this complex of questions: The Gotha Perthes Collection as well as other special collections of the research library and the Friedenstein Castle Foundation hold extensive collections of material “from the field”, some  of which are collections of objects, others sketches and field diaries with sometimes extensive collections of data and notes. The corresponding written material, especially letters, is also extensive, which suggests a discussion of approaches to self-testimony research. In addition, there are materials documenting the reorganization of the knowledge collected in the field and its further processing, which in turn show the heterogeneous, contingent assemblages that were to be used for the "maps in the making".

For projects in progress in this area to date, see, for example, "Cartographic Sources and Territorial Transformations of Ethiopia since the Late 18th Century (ETHIOMAP)" and Ethiomap: Exploring Modern Maps of the Horn of Africa,18th-20th centuries.

_{Picture: Draft map by Werner Munzinger for the exploration of the territories of the Habab & Beni-Amer peoples January-October 1871, together with an overview of the present knowledge of the North Abyssinian borderlands Bogos, Mensa, Marea © SPK 547-111827566, Gotha Perthes Collection / Gotha Research Library.}

A second area of research focuses on the political dimensions of maps: their visuality, their mediality, and their argumentative force. It examines the shifting relationship between scholarship, politics, and colonialism, as well as the shifting territorial reorganisation that followed the upheavals of the twentieth century, notably the Cold War and decolonisation. These developments left their mark on the output of the Gotha publishing houses. The first thesis is that spatial expertise expressed through cartography became entangled with contemporary ideas of space and with territorial claims, as the maps of the late “Scramble for Africa,” with their contrasting colouring, illustrate. The second is that, from the late nineteenth century onwards, territoriality, and with it the depiction of political space on maps, developed a strong dynamic of its own, one that did not necessarily align with the political aims of the (imperial) powers of the day.

The research and digitization project on the Perthes Collection, “Cartographies of Africa and Asia (1800–1945)” (funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research), provided a foundation for work in this area.

See also the research blog: Mapping Africa and Asia

For initial research on this topic, see also the Ethiopian-French-German research project “Cartographic Sources and Territorial Transformations of Ethiopia since the Late 18th Century (ETHIOMAP)” (funded by DFG–ANR).

For dissertations and further studies in this area, see the works of:

• Oliver Kann, Karten des Krieges: Deutsche Kartographie und Raumwissen im Ersten Weltkrieg (Maps of War: German Cartography and Spatial Knowledge in the First World War)
• Verena Bunkus, Deutscher Osten, polnischer Westen. Kartographie und geographisches Wissen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts (German East, Polish West: Cartography and Geographical Knowledge in the First Half of the Twentieth Century)
• Sarah Frenking, Zwischenfälle im Reichsland. Überschreiten, Polizieren, Nationalisieren der deutsch-französischen Grenze (1887–1914) (Incidents in the Imperial Territory: Crossing, Policing, and Nationalizing the Franco-German Border, 1887–1914)
• Andrew Tompkins, Working the Border: Policing Labor along the Polish-East German Border, 1980–1989

^{Paul Langhans, Das portugiesische Grenzgebiet gegen Deutsch-Südwestafrika. Zum Verfolg der militärischen Operationen im Distrikt Huilla, in: Dr. A. Petermann's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes' Geographischer Anstalt 57 (1911), Tafel 40.}

A second focus of work is linked to the goal of re-reading the cultures of knowledge of the 19th and 20th centuries, also with a view to the cultures of natural research. This area explicitly ties in with the content-related work of the Gotha Collection and Research Network, but at the same time specifies it with a focus on "maps". Decisive further impulses came from the BMBF-funded joint research project "Karten-Meere" (Mapping the Oceans), which has taken as its starting point the astonishing finding that the Gotha "cartographies of the seas" inscribe themselves in the genealogies of the contemporary emerging oceanography. The decisive factor here was also the attempt to scientifically profile oceanography for a broader audience with the help of the epistemic instrument of the map. This movement can also be traced for other natural sciences that became more and more differentiated in the 19th century, which also resorted to the epistemic instrument of the map: These include meteorology, botany, geology, and mineralogy, as well as other subfields that today can claim less scientific status for themselves, such as race studies or anthropogeography. To be sure, all of these sciences were in part of considerable importance to the colonial project. Distribution maps were omnipresent - and not least with regard to the manifold attempts to scientify the colonial.

The "scientific age" was thus also an age of cartography, which was primarily reflected in the Gotha Perthes Collection in the extensive holdings on the physical atlas. The first and second editions, published in the 1840s and early 1850s, and overseen by Alexander von Humboldt and Heinrich Berghaus, already offer a wealth of material, followed by the comprehensive third edition, which sought to document the current state of the natural sciences in the early 1890s.

See also: BMBF joint project "Karten-Meere. Für eine Geschichte der Globalisierung vom Wasser aus".

For further reading, some finds from the Map Seas blog: Wolfgang Struck, »Justus Perthes’ erste Karte« and Petra Weigel, Eine Insel der Meeresforschung in Gotha , and as a continuing PhD project: The Scientific Age in the Province - Researching, Collecting and Presenting as Sociable Practices around 1900.

_{Image: ice distribution, past and present. Polar view of the Earth in Lambert's flat right azimuthal projection, in: Berghaus' Physikalischer Atlas, No. 5, Gotha 1892.}

Understanding the residential city of Gotha as a place of collecting and knowledge since the late 18th century is a third important starting point for the work of the Centre for Transcultural Studies / Perthes Collection, which we are intensively pursuing together with employees of the Faculty of Philosophy. One concern is to further raise the profile of this perspective within the Gotha research landscape. After all, the library, the palace, the museum, and the archives with their associated magazines and depots, as well as in particular the legacy of the publishing house Justus Perthes and its successors, contain a great wealth and variety of collections: Listed in inventories, catalogs and lists, packed in folders, boxes, cartons, or standing unpacked on the shelf or hanging loosely in their own fixtures, all of these collection items and the local and global knowledge gathered in them can be explored in the most diverse ways. Firmly integrated, as a bindingly assembled sequence of maps, atlases can be understood as collections of their own type – indeed, on closer inspection, even the individual map is an accumulation of knowledge, which emphasizes the special features of collecting together with the procedures of arranging and sorting out, and which is thus worth exploring.

See also: Research Group "Cultural Techniques of Collecting".

The Centre for Transcultural Studies / Perthes Collection is establishing a research unit for the history of publishing. This will expand research on the Gotha Perthes Collection with a special focus on the three publishing companies whose traditions the collection unites. In regular meetings, the research unit brings together scholars of image, arts, and books, as well as scholars from the fields of geography, history, and the history of science. Recent research has focused primarily on the early days and the heyday of publishing development in the 19th century, when the Gotha publishing house rose to become a globally active company under the name "Justus Perthes Geographische Anstalt Gotha". In the future, the history of the publishing house during the upheavals of the 20th century will also be the focus, i.e. the time of the "VEB Hermann Haack Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt Gotha" as well as the "Geographische Verlagsanstalt Justus Perthes Darmstadt" founded in 1953 in the Federal Republic of Germany.

_{Picture: Ancestral Hall of the Perthes Publishing House © Perthes Collection / Gotha Research Library.}