The results show: Closed vowels as in camel (<e> stressed, long full vowel: /eː/) are the easiest to recognise. In contrast, <e> in words such as table (<e> unstressed, syllabic or silent: /l̩/) is particularly challenging. Open and central vowels such as /ɛ/ (as in term) and /ɐ/ (as in powder) lie in between. The stress of the syllable also plays an important role. These findings help us to better understand the complex processes of letter perception when reading.
